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Time slice from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now nearly all blank, however a few of the walls are still showing strongly.

How deep are these slices? Unfortunately, the software application I have access to makes estimating the depth a little tricky. If, however, the leading 3 pieces represent the ploughsoil, which is probably about 30cm think, I would think that each piece is about 10cm and we are only getting down about 80cm in total.

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Thankfully for us, most of the websites we are interested in lie simply listed below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other methods? Comparison of the Earth Resistance information (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (top right) and the 1921ns time piece (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as talked about above, is a passive technique determining local variations in magnetism versus a localised absolutely no value. Magnetic vulnerability survey is an active strategy: it is a procedure of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the presence of an electromagnetic field. How much soil is tested depends upon the size of the test coil: it can be very little or it can be reasonably large.

The sensing unit in this case is extremely small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic vulnerability meter with a big "field coil" in use at Verulamium during the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically boosted compared to subsoils simply due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By measuring magnetic susceptibility at a relatively coarse scale, we can identify areas of human profession and middens. We do not have access to a reliable mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who assisted teach at the course in 2013) has some exceptional examples. Among which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These villages are typically set out around a central open location or plaza, such as this reconstructed example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (picture: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat website, the magnetometer survey had located a variety of functions and homes. The magnetic vulnerability study helped, however, define the primary area of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility survey results from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The strategy is therefore of great use in specifying locations of general profession rather than determining specific features.

Geophysical surveying is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic physical methodologies at the Earth's surface to determine the physical residential or commercial properties of the subsurface - Importance Of Geophysical Surveys — Methods And Uses in West Perth WA 2023. Geophysical surveying methods normally determine these geophysical residential or commercial properties together with anomalies in order to examine numerous subsurface conditions such as the existence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, voids and cavities, and much more.