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Much of the image consists of blank areas now with little or no radar action. The "yard" wall is still revealing strongly, nevertheless, and there are continuing recommendations of a tough surface area in the SE corner. Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now nearly all blank, however a few of the walls are still revealing strongly.

How deep are these slices? The software I have access to makes estimating the depth a little tricky. If, nevertheless, the top 3 slices represent the ploughsoil, which is most likely about 30cm think, I would think that each piece is about 10cm and we are just getting down about 80cm in total.

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Luckily for us, the majority of the sites we have an interest in lie simply below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other methods? Comparison of the Earth Resistance data (leading left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time slice (top right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as discussed above, is a passive strategy determining local variations in magnetism against a localised zero value. Magnetic vulnerability survey is an active strategy: it is a procedure of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the existence of a magnetic field. Just how much soil is tested depends upon the diameter of the test coil: it can be really little or it can be fairly large.

The sensor in this case is very little and samples a tiny sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a big "field coil" in usage at Verulamium during the course in 2013. Top soil will be magnetically boosted compared to subsoils merely due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic susceptibility at a fairly coarse scale, we can detect locations of human profession and middens. We do not have access to a trustworthy mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who assisted teach at the course in 2013) has some exceptional examples. One of which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These villages are often laid out around a main open location or plaza, such as this reconstructed example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (picture: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat site, the magnetometer survey had located a variety of functions and homes. The magnetic susceptibility study helped, however, specify the main area of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open location.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility study results from the Wildcat site, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The strategy is for that reason of excellent usage in specifying areas of basic occupation instead of determining specific functions.

Geophysical surveying is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic physical methods at the Earth's surface to determine the physical residential or commercial properties of the subsurface - Glad You Asked: What Are Seismic Surveys? in Forrestdale Australia 2022. Geophysical surveying techniques generally determine these geophysical properties in addition to anomalies in order to assess numerous subsurface conditions such as the presence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, voids and cavities, and far more.